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- <text id=94TT1266>
- <title>
- Sep. 19, 1994: Commerce:On the Money
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Sep. 19, 1994 So Young to Kill, So Young to Die
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ON THE MONEY, Page 53
- Let My Dollars Go!
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By John Rothchild
- </p>
- <p> Money liberation never got publicity like women's liberation,
- but it saved the average bankroll from a dull life of servitude.
- A new book tells how the people's dollars were led out of financial
- bondage and crossed the Hudson River onto Wall Street. A Piece
- of the Action it's called, written by Joe Nocera. Nocera and
- I go back a few years, but I'm trying to be objective and leave
- out buddy blurbs, such as "surefire Pulitzer." He is on to a
- great story, nonetheless.
- </p>
- <p> As recently as 20 years ago, the average bankroll was trapped
- in a savings account, where it got shortchanged on interest,
- or in a checking account, which paid no interest at all. Paying
- a fair market rate to depositors was against the law, Regulation
- Q, which took effect during the Great Depression.
- </p>
- <p> The idea behind Reg. Q was that bankers were a disadvantaged
- group who needed welfare benefits. By putting a lid on the interest
- rates paid to small savers, the government could foolproof the
- banking system. Bankers could lend the cheap money out at higher
- rates and make a nice living without trying too hard, which
- is how they became such good golfers.
- </p>
- <p> You'd think that the millions of small savers who made this
- sacrifice to banker comfort could at least have got a loan from
- a bank, but no way. They got mortgages, and that was it. There
- were no home-equity loans, and stores didn't take credit cards.
- The only sources of quick cash were pawnshops, relatives, loan
- sharks and the local finance company.
- </p>
- <p> Meanwhile, the fat-cat dollar was gallivanting about the bond
- and stock markets, having an enriching experience. This the
- average bankroll couldn't do: bonds came in large denominations;
- bond funds didn't exist. Stocks bought in small quantities were
- called odd lots, like they were some kind of defective merchandise.
- The odd-lotters were mystified by stocks, and with good reason:
- the brokerage houses informed their big clients about every
- important development, but the small clients were the last to
- know.
- </p>
- <p> The stock market had its own version of Reg. Q. To spare Wall
- Street from the menace of competition, commissions on stock
- trades were fixed by the feds. Big buyers could haggle for a
- better rate, but the small investor paid in full.
- </p>
- <p> And they called this free-market capitalism? The average dollar
- had no more rights than a ruble, until it was liberated by a
- handful of visionaries in pinstripes. Nocera tells their heroics
- in detail, but here are some of the highlights:
- </p>
- <p> Joseph Williams, an employee of the Bank of America, invents
- the first all-purpose credit card in 1956. Several years later
- at the same bank, Dee Ward Hock devises the computer system
- that processes charges so credit cards can be used everywhere.
- What a perfect name for the father of the modern Visa card--Hock.
- </p>
- <p> Bruce Bent and Henry Brown, renegades from the insurance industry,
- come to Wall Street and invent the money-market fund in 1970.
- Jim Benham, a California broker, has the same idea simultaneously.
- It takes the SEC two years to approve this.
- </p>
- <p> Charles Schwab opens his discount-brokerage office. He is ready
- for business when the SEC does the unthinkable and abolishes
- fixed commissions on stock trades on May 1, 1975. Forget Pearl
- Harbor Day; it's May Day that lives in infamy on Wall Street.
- Traditional brokerages try to hold the line on rates for the
- small investor. Merrill Lynch responds by actually raising its
- rates. It's Schwab who forces them down.
- </p>
- <p> Ned Johnson, the head of Fidelity Investments, has a brainstorm
- and offers a "check-writing feature" to investors in the company's
- money-market funds in 1973. This is the beginning of the end
- for the no-interest checking account. Under Johnson's leadership,
- Fidelity popularizes the mutual funds that bring millions of
- small investors into the stock market, in time for the 12-year
- bull run that adds more than $1 trillion to the national wealth.
- </p>
- <p> The money revolution hasn't done the banks much good. Nocera
- makes a convincing case that the demise of Reg. Q in the 1980s
- is a principal cause of the banking crises that led to the S& L
- bailout. Having lost their easy source of profit, desperate
- bankers tried to make up the difference by lending money at
- high rates to such risky borrowers as Latin American dictators,
- land speculators and their own in-laws, who never paid their
- loans back.
- </p>
- <p> But what's been bad for the banks has been great for the average
- bankroll, no longer the chump in a rigged game. Now a small
- sum can travel anywhere the big sums go: stocks, bonds, options,
- futures, municipals, foreign stocks, you name it. Now we've
- got banking services in the department stores; stockbrokers
- in the banks; 300 million credit cards in circulation; and 5,000
- mutual funds--so many they're hard to make heads or tails
- of.
- </p>
- <p> Nocera worries about the state of confusion the people's money
- is in today, with all these choices. But after learning from
- him how bad it was not all that long ago, who wants to go back
- to a dreary old savings account? Williams, Hock, Johnson, Bent,
- Brown, Benham, Schwab: these guys deserve a monument someplace.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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